The Next Generation of Smart Structures with Embedded Sensor Capabilities


Abstract

In the first and second decades of the 21st century nanotechnology has given impetus to a new generation of materials namely smart materials. Having the abilities to transform in shape, to sense and correspond to external stimuli like temperature, pressure, sound, etc. and to counteract these, they excited the engineers into many new concepts like adaptive structures in aeronautics, active biomaterials and smart self-healing composite materials. This scheme was corroborated by the parallel progress in nanotechnology, as well as a real explosion in the additive manufacturing technologies, which enabled many types of sensors and smart or responsive nanomaterials to be incorporated into structural parts. This mini review paper provides an opinion on these new conceptual technologies such as 4D printing into the oncoming third decade of the century which has already been characterized as the era of nano - and bio- engineering.

Introduction

The beginning of the 21st century provided many interesting features in engineering. To begin with, the technology of high performance fiber reinforced composite materials, especially carbon fiber reinforced thermosets, reached their peak in maturity [1], thus commercial passenger aircraft such as the Boeing 787 and the Airbus A350 series are nowadays manufactured with a dead weight of more than 50wt% in high performance composites, attaining fuel economies of 20 or more percent [2]. The eve of nanotechnology provided further impetus to research with carbon based single and multiwall nanotubes [3] and other types of nanofibers [4] as further potential reinforcements but with no impressive results as yet. Also, since the discovery of graphene [5,6], new aspirations for materials with exotic properties were driving multibillion research worldwide but no real structural application has seen the light too.

 

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